La tragedia en Richard Wagner

Este artículo busca explicar el aspecto trágico en la producción wagneriana y su evolución combinando distintas perspectivas. En primer lugar recurriendo a un punto de vista teórico dentro de la perspectiva elaborada por el propio compositor en sus escritos, al tiempo que ofrece una interpretación de estas pretensiones dentro del panorama cultural de la época, calificadas como “romanticismo expansivo”. El descubrimiento de la filosofía de Schopenhauer y su relación con la biografía del músico constituye un episodio especialmente destacado en esta perspectiva. En segundo lugar una consideración autónoma de los argumentos, tanto de obras finalizadas como de proyectos inconclusos, interpretada globalmente como relación conflictiva entre el plano mítico y el verosímil, revela unas constantes y unas posibilidades combinatorias que hacen evolucionar el sentido de la tragedia. Desgraciadamente el autor del artículo no tuvo tiempo en esta ocasión de abordar una tercera perspectiva sobre el efecto psicológico de la música con sus disparidades y confluencias respecto del argumento escrito.This article seeks to explain the Wagnerian production's tragic aspect and its evolution by combining different perspectives. First, using a theoretical point of view in the perspective developed by the composer himself in his writings, while offering an interpretation of these claims within the cultural landscape of the time, described as "expansive romanticism." The discovery of Schopenhauer's philosophy and its relation to the biography of the musician is an event especially highlighted in this perspective. Second, independent consideration of the arguments, both completed works and unfinished projects, globally interpreted as conflicting relationship between the mythic and the plausible level, reveals some constants and combinatorial possibilities that evolve the sense of the tragedy. Unfortunately the article's author did not have time on this occasion to address a third perspective on the psychological effect of music with their differences and common features of written argument

Recepción wagneriana en Valencia: 1874-1914

Esta tesis estudia la recepción wagneriana en la ciudad de Valencia en el periodo 1874-1914. No se recoge la influencia de la obra wagneriana sobre otras creaciones, sino la presencia de la obra de Wagner y las referencias explícitas a la misma. Las condiciones económicas, políticas y culturales de la ciudad así como las características multiformes que en otros lugares tiene la recepción wagneriana de la época, son expuestas de manera introductoria. La naturaleza de la recepción valenciana lleva a estructurar la información positiva en dos secciones bien distintas: los acontecimientos escénicos en la ciudad y las obras literarias que se escriben sobre Wagner o con importantes referencias a sus creaciones. Ambas secciones manifiestan niveles de aproximación muy diferentes, y como punto de articulación entre ambos se presta especial atención a la actividad de la crítica musical. En lo referente a los acontecimientos escénicos, dentro del apartado dedicado a conciertos instrumentales, llama la atención la inestabilidad de las formaciones orquestales, que es compensada por una intensa actividad de bandas, donde el repertorio de piezas wagnerianas resulta a veces dominante, contribuyendo así a configurar en la ciudad una naturalización con las sonoridades del autor de carácter más popular que elitista. En el apartado referente a las representaciones operísticas, llama la atención la abrumadora preferencia del público local por el título de Lohengrin, que en el apartado de conclusiones se intenta explicar mediante una combinación de circunstancias culturales, sociales e incluso políticas, descartando la tradicional explicación centrada sobre la calidad del tenor Francisco Viñas. Otro aspecto que merece extensa consideración es el choque de tradiciones entre una representación operística donde la ostentación del público formaba parte del espectáculo, frente a un mundo wagneriano que exigía una atención permanente y exclusiva del público hacia el escenario. En cuanto a las obras literarias, la sección más extensa es la dedicada a Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, donde entre otras cosas se hace un seguimiento del elemento wagneriano a lo largo de todas sus novelas, yendo en este caso más allá del año 1914. Se visiona en estas novelas el elemento wagneriano configurando para los personajes una puerta de salida frente a una realidad cotidiana mediocre, pero lo más llamativo es la tendencia de estos personajes novelescos a repetir inconscientemente los comportamientos de los correspondientes wagnerianos que evocan. Otros apartados referentes a la recepción literaria se dedican a obras escritas por Eduardo López-Chavarri Marco, Ricardo Benavent Feliu y Rodrigo Soriano Barroeta-Aldamar.This thesis studies the Wagnerian reception in the city of Valencia in the period 1874-1914. It does not collect the influence of Wagner on other creations, but the presence of Wagner's work and explicit references to it. In an introductory way are displayed the city’s economic, political and cultural conditions as well as the multiform features that Wagnerian reception of the time has elsewhere. The nature of the valencian reception leads to structure the positive information in two quite distinct sections: the scenic events in the city and literary works that are written about Wagner or important references to their creations. Both sections show very different levels of approximation, and as a point of articulation between the two, special attention is paid to the business of music criticism. With regard to stage events in the section devoted to instrumental concertos, it strikes instability of the orchestras, which is compensated by an intense band activity, where the Wagner’s repertoire is sometimes dominant, helping to set in the city a naturalization with the sounds of the author more popular than elitist. In the section concerning to opera performances, it strikes the local public's overwhelming preference for the title of Lohengrin, that the concluding section attempts to explain through a combination of cultural, social and even political circumstances, discarding the traditional explanation centered the high quality of the tenor Francisco Viñas. Another aspect that deserves extended consideration is the clash of traditions between an opera where the public display was part of the show, and a Wagnerian world demanding permanent and exclusive attention of the public towards the stage. With regard to literary works, the longest section is devoted to Vicente Blasco Ibanez, where among other things tracks the Wagnerian element throughout all his novels, going in this case beyond the year 1914. Is viewed in these novels the Wagnerian element setting for the characters a way out to a mediocre daily reality, but most striking is the tendency of these fictional characters to unconsciously repeat behaviors that evoke the corresponding of Wagner’s. Other sections on literary reception are dedicated to works by Eduardo Lopez-Chavarri Marco, Ricardo Benavent Feliu and Rodrigo Soriano Barroeta-Aldamar

Identification of Tequila with an Array of ZnO Thin Films: A Simple and Cost-Effective Method

Se trata de identificar calidad de bebidas alcohólicasAn array of ZnO thin film sensors was obtained by thermal oxidation of physical vapor deposited thin Zn films. Different conditions of the thermal treatment (duration and temperature) were applied in view of obtaining ZnO sensors with different gas sensing properties. Films having undergone a long thermal treatment exhibited high responses to low ethanol concentrations, while short thermal treatments generally led to sensors with high ethanol sensitivity. The sensor array was used to distinguish among Tequilas and Agave liquor. Linear discriminant analysis and the multilayer perceptron neural network reached 100% and 86.3% success rates in the discrimination between real Tequila and Agave liquor and in the identification of Tequila brands, respectively. These results are promising for the development of an inexpensive tool offering low complexity and cost of analysis for detecting fraud in spirits.Beca CONACyT- Bilateral de estudios de Doctorad

Klebsiella pneumoniae triggers a cytotoxic effect on airway epithelial cells

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Klebsiella pneumoniae </it>is a capsulated Gram negative bacterial pathogen and a frequent cause of nosocomial infections. Despite its clinical relevance, little is known about the features of the interaction between <it>K. pneumoniae </it>and lung epithelial cells on a cellular level, neither about the role of capsule polysaccharide, one of its best characterised virulence factors, in this interaction.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The interaction between <it>Klebsiella pneumoniae </it>and cultured airway epithelial cells was analysed. <it>K. pneumoniae </it>infection triggered cytotoxicity, evident by cell rounding and detachment from the substrate. This effect required the presence of live bacteria and of capsule polysaccharide, since it was observed with isolates expressing different amounts of capsule and/or different serotypes but not with non-capsulated bacteria. Cytotoxicity was analysed by lactate dehydrogenase and formazan measurements, ethidium bromide uptake and analysis of DNA integrity, obtaining consistent and complementary results. Moreover, cytotoxicity of non-capsulated strains was restored by addition of purified capsule during infection. While a non-capsulated strain was avirulent in a mouse infection model, capsulated <it>K. pneumoniae </it>isolates displayed different degrees of virulence.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our observations allocate a novel role to <it>K. pneumoniae </it>capsule in promotion of cytotoxicity. Although this effect is likely to be associated with virulence, strains expressing different capsule levels were not equally virulent. This fact suggests the existence of other bacterial requirements for virulence, together with capsule polysaccharide.</p

Dissection of Host Cell Signal Transduction during Acinetobacter baumannii – Triggered Inflammatory Response

Infected airway epithelial cells up-regulate the expression of chemokines, chiefly IL-8, and antimicrobial molecules including β-defensins (BD). Acinetobacter baumannii is a cause of hospital-acquired pneumonia. We examined whether A. baumannii induced the expressions of IL-8 and BD2 by airway epithelial cells and the receptors implicated in bacterial detection. A549 and human primary airway cells released IL-8 upon infection. A. baumannii-infected cells also increased the expression of BD2 which killed A. baummannii strains. IL-8 induction was via NF-κB and mitogen-activated kinases p38 and p44/42-dependent pathways. A. baumannii engaged Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 pathways and A549 cells could use soluble CD14 as TLRs co-receptor. A. baumannii lipopolysaccharide stimulated IL-8 release by A549 cells and sCD14 facilitated the recognition of the lipopolysaccharide. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that A. baumannii lipid A structure matches those with endotoxic potential. These results demonstrate that airway epithelial cells produce mediators important for A. baumannii clearance

Abnormal Maternal Body Mass Index and Customized Fetal Weight Charts : Improving the Identification of Small for Gestational Age Fetuses and Newborns

Background: Obesity and thinness are serious diseases, but cases with abnormal maternal weight have not been excluded from the calculations in the construction of customized fetal growth curves (CCs). Method: To determine if the new CCs, built excluding mothers with an abnormal weight, are better than standard CCs at identifying SGA. A total of 16,122 neonates were identified as SGA, LGA, or AGA, using the two models. Logistic regression and analysis of covariance were used to calculate the OR and CI for adverse outcomes by group. Gestational age was considered as a covariable. Results: The SGA rates by the new CCs and by the standard CCs were 11.8% and 9.7%, respectively. The SGA rate only by the new CCs was 18% and the SGA rate only by the standard CCs was 0.01%. Compared to AGA by both models, SGA by the new CCs had increased rates of cesarean section, (OR 1.53 (95% CI 1.19, 1.96)), prematurity (OR 2.84 (95% CI 2.09, 3.85)), NICU admission (OR 5.41 (95% CI 3.47, 8.43), and adverse outcomes (OR 1.76 (95% CI 1.06, 2.60). The strength of these associations decreased with gestational age. Conclusion: The use of the new CCs allowed for a more accurate identification of SGA at risk of adverse perinatal outcomes as compared to the standard CC

Abnormal Maternal Body Mass Index and Customized Fetal Weight Charts: Improving the Identification of Small for Gestational Age Fetuses and Newborns

Maternal body mass index; Newborn weight; ObesityÍndice de masa corporal materno; Peso del neonato; ObesidadÍndex de massa corporal matern; Pes del nounat; ObesitatBackground: Obesity and thinness are serious diseases, but cases with abnormal maternal weight have not been excluded from the calculations in the construction of customized fetal growth curves (CCs). Method: To determine if the new CCs, built excluding mothers with an abnormal weight, are better than standard CCs at identifying SGA. A total of 16,122 neonates were identified as SGA, LGA, or AGA, using the two models. Logistic regression and analysis of covariance were used to calculate the OR and CI for adverse outcomes by group. Gestational age was considered as a covariable. Results: The SGA rates by the new CCs and by the standard CCs were 11.8% and 9.7%, respectively. The SGA rate only by the new CCs was 18% and the SGA rate only by the standard CCs was 0.01%. Compared to AGA by both models, SGA by the new CCs had increased rates of cesarean section, (OR 1.53 (95% CI 1.19, 1.96)), prematurity (OR 2.84 (95% CI 2.09, 3.85)), NICU admission (OR 5.41 (95% CI 3.47, 8.43), and adverse outcomes (OR 1.76 (95% CI 1.06, 2.60). The strength of these associations decreased with gestational age. Conclusion: The use of the new CCs allowed for a more accurate identification of SGA at risk of adverse perinatal outcomes as compared to the standard CCs

Jugoslavija u međunarodnoj trgovini ribom, ribljim proizvodima i prerađevinama

Sulfonamides are profoundly important in pharmaceutical design. C–N cross-coupling of sulfonamides is an effective method for fragment coupling and structure–activity relationship (SAR) mining. However, cross-coupling of the important <i>N</i>-arylsulfonamide pharmacophore has been notably unsuccessful. Here, we present a solution to this problem via oxidative Cu-catalysis (Chan–Lam cross-coupling). Mechanistic insight has allowed the discovery and refinement of an effective cationic Cu catalyst to facilitate the practical and scalable Chan–Lam <i>N</i>-arylation of primary and secondary <i>N</i>-arylsulfonamides at room temperature. We also demonstrate utility in the large scale synthesis of a key intermediate to a clinical hepatitis C virus treatment